Coincidence of maximum severity of powdery mildew on grape leaves and the carbohydrate sink-to-source transition

Grapevine leaves infected with powdery mildew are a source of inoculum for fruit infection. Leaves emerging on a single primary shoot of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon were exposed to average glasshouse temperatures of 18Celsius degree (023 leaves emerging/day) or 25Celsius degree (054 leaves emerging/day). All leaves on 8-10 shoots with approximately 20 leaves each were inoculated with Erysiphe necator conidia to assess disease severity after 14 days in the 25Celsius degree glasshouse. Two photosynthetic 'source' leaves per shoot on the remaining 8-10 shoots were treated with 14CO2 to identify, by autoradiography, the leaf position completing the carbohydrate sink-to-source transition. There was a clear association between the mean modal leaf position for maximum severity of powdery mildew (position 37 for 18Celsius degree; position 44 for 25Celsius degree) and the mean position of the leaf completing the sink-to-source transition (position 38 for 18Celsius degree; position 47 for 25Celsius degree). The mean modal leaf position for the maximum percentage of conidia germinating to form secondary hyphae was 42 for additional plants grown in the 25Celsius degree glasshouse. A higher rate of leaf emergence resulted in a greater proportion of diseased leaves per shoot. A Bayesian model, consisting of component models for disease severity and leaf ontogenic resistance, had parameters representing the rate and magnitude of pathogen colonization that differed for shoots developing in different preinoculation environments. The results support the hypothesis that the population of leaves in a vineyard