Testing the climate intervention potential of ocean afforestation using the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt

Ensuring that global warming remains <2 °C requires rapid CO₂ emissions reduction. Additionally, 100–900 gigatons CO₂ must be removed from the atmosphere by 2100 using a portfolio of CO₂ removal (CDR) methods. Ocean afforestation, CDR through basin-scale seaweed farming in the open ocean, is seen as a key component of the marine portfolio. Here, we analyse the CDR potential of recent re-occurring trans-basin belts of the floating seaweed Sargassum in the (sub)tropical North Atlantic as a natural analogue for ocean afforestation. We show that two biogeochemical feedbacks, nutrient reallocation and calcification by encrusting marine life, reduce the CDR efficacy of Sargassum by 20–100%. Atmospheric CO₂ influx into the surface seawater, after CO₂-fixation by Sargassum, takes 2.5–18 times longer than the CO₂-deficient seawater remains in contact with the atmosphere, potentially hindering CDR verification. Furthermore, we estimate that increased ocean albedo, due to floating Sargassum, could influence climate radiative forcing more than Sargassum-CDR. Our analysis shows that multifaceted Earth-system feedbacks determine the efficacy of ocean afforestation.