Potential consequences for management, urban ecosystems, and the urban public: adapting urban forests to climate change

The changes to the urban forest will have a number of important flow-on effects for management, urban ecosystems, and the urban public. With regard to management activities, these will include increased tree removal, pruning, and planting in response to damage, decline, and mortality. There will also be greater uncertainty about the outcomes of management actions in the urban forest. Trees that have performed reliably in the past may no longer do so under future climates, while trees that have performed poorly may turn out to be much improved.