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Mineralogy and trace-element geochemistry of sulfide minerals in hydrothermal chimneys from the Upper-Cretaceous VMS deposits of the eastern Pontide orogenic belt (NE Turkey)

journal contribution
posted on 2023-05-18, 07:09 authored by Revan, MK, Genc, Y, Maslennikov, VV, Maslennikova, SP, Ross LargeRoss Large, Leonid Danyushevsky

Numerous active hydrothermal chimneys have been discovered on the modern ocean floor, and the structural, textural, and mineralogical features of these chimneys have been described in detail. However, fossil chimneys have not been widely found or studied in detail. Paleo-hydrothermal chimneys were first discovered in Late Cretaceous massive sulfide deposits in the eastern Black Sea district. The well-preserved chimney fragments typically contain distinct concentric sulfide zones. The outer zones of the chimneys contain mainly pyrite and sphalerite and lesser amounts of chalcopyrite. The sulfides within the inner zone consist predominantly of chalcopyrite, with lesser amounts of pyrite and sphalerite. The axial conduits are commonly dominated by barite gangue, with variable amounts of fahlore, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and galena. The sulfide-rich chimney zones are also characterized by significantly higher metal contents (e.g., Cu, Zn, Fe, Se, Te, Au, Ag). Laser-ablation ICP-MS studies indicate that there is a distinct systematic trace element distribution throughout the horizontal sections of the chimneys. In general, Mn, Co, Ni, Tl, U, and V are enriched in the outermost zones of the chimneys and decrease toward the interior zones. Elements indicative of higher temperature conditions, including Mo, Se, Sn, and Cu, are generally enriched in the inner zones of the chimneys. The highest contents of most of the trace elements are present within the outer walls of the chimneys, suggesting rapid precipitation in high-gradient conditions.

These chimney fragments are important evidence of hydrothermal vents in the Cretaceous ocean floor in the eastern Pontides. The presence of mineralized chimney fragments in the massive sulfide deposits of the eastern Pontides and their trace element contents also provides significant data for understanding the physicochemical conditions and depositional histories of massive sulfide mineralizations on the seafloor.

History

Publication title

Ore Geology Reviews

Volume

63

Pagination

129-149

ISSN

0169-1368

Department/School

School of Natural Sciences

Publisher

Elsevier Science Bv

Place of publication

Po Box 211, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1000 Ae

Rights statement

© 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Repository Status

  • Restricted

Socio-economic Objectives

Other mineral resources (excl. energy resources) not elsewhere classified

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