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Investigation of freezing- and thawing-induced biological, chemical, and physical changes to enoxaparin solution

journal contribution
posted on 2023-05-16, 22:13 authored by Rahul PatelRahul Patel, Christian NarkowiczChristian Narkowicz, Glenn JacobsonGlenn Jacobson
This study investigated the effect of freezing and thawing on the biological, physical, and chemical properties of enoxaparin solution. Solutions were frozen and thawed under different conditions, in the presence or absence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD), and the antifactor Xa (AFXa) activity was determined. Enoxaparin solution lost more than 60% of its AFXa activity when thawed rapidly after freezing at -196°C. The loss of AFXa activity was less with higher freezing temperatures and increased with the number of freeze/thaw cycles, but was independent of the duration of freezing. Slow freezing to -196°C with rapid thawing, or rapid freezing with slow thawing, resulted in negligible loss of AFXa activity. The loss of AFXa activity did not involve the loss of N-sulfate groups, the breakdown of glycosidic bonds or the glassy state transition. Controlling the freezing or thawing conditions, dilution with water or addition of a small percentage of DMSO ameliorated the loss of enoxaparin AFXa activity. The loss in AFXa activity was found by size exclusion chromatography to be primarily due to aggregation and was reversed by sonication in the presence of DMSO. These results may provide insight into solutions for the long-term storage of concentrated or diluted enoxaparin.

History

Publication title

Journal of Pharmaceutical Science

Volume

98

Pagination

1118 - 1128

ISSN

0022-3549

Department/School

School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Publisher

John Wiley and Sons Inc

Place of publication

USA

Rights statement

The definitive published version is available online at: http://interscience.wiley.com

Repository Status

  • Restricted

Socio-economic Objectives

Public health (excl. specific population health) not elsewhere classified

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