Supergene turquoise and associated phosphate minerals of the porphyry-lode system at Butte, Montana, USA

Weathering processes superimposed onto exhumed hydrothermal ore deposits in western North America have developed secondary mineral assemblages that inform the near-surface evolution of these systems within the context of Basin and Range extension. The occurrence of the secondary phosphate mineral turquoise [CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O] in the weathering profile of Laramide porphyry copper deposits is widely documented, although previous studies on the composition and distribution of turquoise are largely restricted to the archaeological literature. In this study, we use the world-class Butte porphyry-epithermal system to study the occurrence, paragenesis, and mineral chemistry of turquoise and related phosphates in the weathering profile of the deposit. Field observations, mineral textures by optical microscopy, electron microprobe analyses, and geochemical modeling show that blue, Al-endmember turquoise formed exclusively at or immediately below the pre-mining water table, within the chalcocite enrichment blanket and in the absence of significant Fe^III. At higher structural levels above the pre-mining water table, green Fe^III-bearing turquoise [Cu(Al,Fe^III)₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O] is commonly intergrown with jarosite and/or tinticite at the micron scale. We show that jarosite, tinticite, and Fe^III-bearing turquoise formed at the expense of pre-existing, Al-endmember turquoise after extensional faulting caused a relative lowering of the water table in the eastern fault block of the deposit. The low solubility of the Fe^III-phosphates tinticite and strengite in the leach cap environment suggests that it is unlikely that these minerals formed directly from oxidized meteoric water. Electron probe microanalysis documented the presence of As and F in blue Al-endmember turquoise and Cl in green Fe^III-bearing turquoise. The presence of Cl in Fe^III-bearing turquoise may represent an evaporitic signal associated with basin development as the Butte district was exhumed. The paragenesis of Cu- and Fe-phosphate minerals provides another tool with which to interrogate spatial and temporal relationships in the near-surface evolution of porphyry copper systems.