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Role of Bronsted acids in promoting Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed chlorination of phenol carbamates using N-chlorosuccinimide
Citation
Farshadfar, K and Tizhoush, SK and Ariafard, A, Role of Bronsted acids in promoting Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed chlorination of phenol carbamates using N-chlorosuccinimide, ACS Catalysis, 12, (4) pp. 2681-2693. ISSN 2155-5435 (2022) [Refereed Article]
Copyright Statement
© 2022 American Chemical Society
DOI: doi:10.1021/acscatal.1c05512
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that Brønsted acids (HAs), such as HOTf and HOTs, can promote Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed functionalization of C–H bonds. However, the rationale for using these acids as a promoter is not yet completely obvious. The purpose of this work is to provide a detailed explanation for this observation with the aid of density functional theory calculations. This is accomplished by investigating the chlorination mechanism of phenol carbamates (DG∼C–H) with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) using HOTf as a promoter and Pd(OAc)2 as a catalyst. Typically, in order for Pd(OAc)2 to activate the C–H bond, it is believed that the trinuclear precatalyst Pd3(OAc)6 reacts with the substrate DG∼C–H to generate the chelated complex [Pd(OAc)2(DG∼C–H)], from which C–H activation occurs via a concerted metalation–deprotonation mechanism. Because the substrate DG∼C–H binds relatively weak to palladium, the corresponding chelated complex lies much higher in energy than the reference structure Pd3(OAc)6, resulting in a very high energy barrier for C–H activation. The Brønsted acid HA is capable of undergoing ligand-exchange reactions with both Pd3(OAc)6 and [Pd(OAc)2(DG∼C–H)] to form Pd3(OAc)6–x(A)x and [Pd(OAc)(A)(DG∼C–H)], respectively. Our calculations demonstrate that while the formation of [Pd(OAc)(A)(DG∼C–H)] from [Pd(OAc)2(DG∼C–H)] is highly exergonic, that of Pd3(OAc)6–x(A)x from Pd3(OAc)6 is either nearly thermoneutral or endergonic. This feature significantly reduces the energy difference between the reference structure and the chelated complex, resulting in a significant decreased energy barrier for C–H activation. We also found that the acidity of the employed HA influences the energy difference between the trinuclear reference structure and the chelated complex [Pd(OAc)(A)(DG∼C–H)]; the more acidic the HA, the smaller the energy difference, and the lower the activation energy of C–H activation. In addition, our calculations show that the presence of HA not only lowers the overall energy barrier for C–H activation but also accelerates the chlorination step by protonating one of the oxygen atoms in NCS rather than the N atom.
Item Details
Item Type: | Refereed Article |
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Keywords: | palladium, DFT calculation, reaction mechanism, Bronsted acid promoters |
Research Division: | Chemical Sciences |
Research Group: | Physical chemistry |
Research Field: | Catalysis and mechanisms of reactions |
Objective Division: | Expanding Knowledge |
Objective Group: | Expanding knowledge |
Objective Field: | Expanding knowledge in the chemical sciences |
UTAS Author: | Ariafard, A (Associate Professor Alireza Ariafard) |
ID Code: | 150056 |
Year Published: | 2022 |
Funding Support: | Australian Research Council (DP180100904) |
Deposited By: | College Office - CoSE |
Deposited On: | 2022-05-16 |
Last Modified: | 2022-10-27 |
Downloads: | 0 |
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