Background: Clinical guidelines on atrial fibrillation management help optimize the use of oral anticoagulants. However, guideline non-adherence is common, particularly in the primary care setting. The primary aim of this systematic review was to identify effective strategies for improving adherence to guideline-directed thromboprophylaxis to patients with atrial fibrillation in the primary care setting.

Methods: A search was conducted on 6 electronic databases (Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, the Cumulative Indexing of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science) supplemented by a Google advanced search. Studies aimed at improving oral thromboprophylaxis guideline adherence in patients with atrial fibrillation, in the primary care setting, were included in the study.

Results: A total of 33 studies were included in this review. Nine studies employed electronic decision support (EDS), of which 4 reported modest improvements in guideline adherence. Five of 6 studies that utilized local guidelines as quality improvement measures reported improvement in guideline adherence. All 5 studies that employed coordinated care and the use of specialist support and 4 of the 5 studies that involved pharmacist-led interventions reported improvements in guideline adherence. Interventions based mainly on feedback from audits were less effective.

Conclusions: Multifaceted interventions, especially those incorporating coordinated care and specialist support, pharmacists, or local adaptations to and implementation of national and/or international guidelines appear to be more consistently effective in improving guideline adherence in the primary care setting than interventions based mainly on EDS and feedback from audits.