While NGOs have been active in domestic and international politics for at least 150 years since the formation of the Red Cross in the 1860s, it is only in the past two decades that they have become a recognised force in governing global extraction, production, transportation, retail and disposal (extraction–disposal) chains. Today, they are active in developing standards, managing certification and labelling schemes, and monitoring and evaluating actor performance in sectors such as coffee, fish, timber and palm oil. Aiming to achieve sustainable, organic and/or fair trade production at the subnational, national and global levels, NGOs have birthed national and international NGOs to govern and metagovern actors that, intersecting with public authorities, give rise to forms of cooperation, competition and coexistence. While business plays a key role in these ‘non-state, market-driven’ governance arrangements (Cashore et al. 2004), it is no exaggeration to state that, absent NGOs, these schemes would not exist.

Item Type:	Research Book Chapter
Keywords:	certification, FSC, governance, NGOs, value theory,
Research Division:	Studies in Human Society
Research Group:	Political Science
Research Field:	Environmental Politics
Objective Division:	Law, Politics and Community Services
Objective Group:	International Relations
Objective Field:	International Organisations
UTAS Author:	Gale, F (Professor Fred Gale)
ID Code:	128939
Year Published:	2018
Deposited By:	Office of the School of Social Sciences
Deposited On:	2018-10-26
Last Modified:	2019-01-04
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