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When it comes to shipping large volumes of cargo over long distances, commercial shipping is the most efficient and cleanest mode of transport in terms of emissions. However, the inherently low-grade, high sulphur content fuel oils used in shipping are responsible for the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), black carbon (BC) and/or particulate organic matter (PM). According to recent studies, maritime industry accounts for approximately 2.2 percent and 2.1 percent of global CO2 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions respectively. Although a minor fraction of total global CO2 emissions, international shipping was responsible for 938 tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2012, and that figure is expected to increase by as much as 250 percent in 2050.

Item Type:	Refereed Article
Keywords:	marine environment, emission regulations, LNG as marine fuel, bunker demand prediction, Australian waters
Research Division:	Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services
Research Group:	Other Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services
Research Field:	Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services not elsewhere classified
Objective Division:	Environment
Objective Group:	Air Quality
Objective Field:	Marine Air Quality
Author:	Merien-Paul, RH (Mr Rumesh Merien-Paul)
Author:	Enshaei, H (Dr Hossein Enshaei)
Author:	Jayasinghe, SG (Dr Shantha Jayasinghe Arachchillage)
ID Code:	128779
Year Published:	2018
Deposited By:	Seafaring
Deposited On:	2018-10-12
Last Modified:	2018-10-12
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