Lattice Boltzmann simulation of turbulent natural convection in a square cavity using Cu/water nanofluid

In this article, Lattice Boltzmann simulation of turbulent natural convection with large-eddy simulations (LES) in a square cavity, which is filled by water/copper nanofluid, has been investigated. The present results are validated by the consequences of an experimental research at Pr = 0.71 and Ra = 1.58 × 10⁹. Calculations are performed for high Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 10⁷–10⁹), low volume fractions of nanoparticles (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.06), and three aspect ratios (A = 0.5, 1, and 2). In this investigation, we present that large-eddy turbulent nanofluid flow is modeled by the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with a clear and simple statement. Effects of nanopartcles are displayed on streamlines, isotherm counters, local Nusselt number, and average Nusselt number. The average Nusselt number enhances with the augmentation of the nanoparticles volume fractions in the base fluid for multifarious aspect ratios and the Rayleigh numbers. Heat transfer declines with the increase in the aspect ratios in the base fluid, but the effects of nanopaticles are dissimilar for various aspect ratios at different Rayleigh numbers.