Administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients undergoing haemodialysis: A time and motion study

Background: International guidelines recommend treatment of anaemia due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs).

Objective: To document the time required and the cost in terms of nursing time to prepare and administer ESAs to patients on facility based haemodialysis (HD) with anaemia due to CKD before and after the introduction of long-acting ESAs.

Design: A time and motion study was implemented at four HD units in Australia to determine the time and costs associated with preparing and administering ESAs before and after the introduction of long-acting ESAs.

Participants: This was a prospective, observational study of workplace practices at four HD units in Australia.

Measurements: Outcome data included the time taken to prepare, and administer ESAs.

Results: The time costs of preparation and administration per patient per year had a wide variability within each unit and ranged from Australian AUD$55.75 (38 euros) to AUD$90.49 (62 euros) before the introduction of long-acting ESAs. This dropped by 73–80% following the introduction of long-acting ESAs, representing an annual cost savings of between AUD$2,591 and AUD$5,914 if all patients on HD were switched to a long acting ESA.

Conclusion: Switching from a short-acting to a long-acting ESA in HD units leads to a significant reduction in time costs of health professionals in preparation and administration of ESAs by up to 80%. Practical application: This time and motion study has added further evidence on reduction of human effort by taking advantages of new research development, such as the long acting ESAs.