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A Flexible and Efficient Hierarchical Bayesian Approach to the Exploration of Individual Differences in Cognitive-model-based Neuroscience

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posted on 2023-05-24, 05:13 authored by Ly, A, Boehm, U, Heathcote, A, Turner, BM, Forstman, B, Marsman, M, Matzke, D
Cognitive‐model‐based neuroscience provides powerful methods of finding the brain areas supporting latent psychological processes. One of these methods is to identify areas whose activation is associated with individual differences in the parameters of cognitive models. We describe how to apply this approach based on Bayesian hierarchical models that are estimated without reference to neural covariates. This enables efficient exploration of the rich sets of covariates without the computational difficulties associated with refitting the cognitive model. Our approach, based on methodology originating from educational surveys (e.g., Mislevy, 1991; Mislevy, Beaton, Kaplan, & Sheehan, 1992), avoids overconfidence in inferences that is associated with performing frequentist tests on posterior point estimates (Boehm, Marsman, Matzke, & Wagenmakers, submitted). We show how to extend this approach to take account of uncertainty in generalizing from a sample of participants to the population (Ly, Marsman, & Wagenmakers, 2015), providing an assessment of whether findings will generalize to new samples. We illustrate the application of our methods to Forstmann et al.'s (2008) fMRI study of the relationship between activation in pre‐SMA and the Basal Ganglia and threshold setting in the LBA model (Brown & Heathcote, 2008), comparing their individual participant maximum‐likelihood estimates to both individual and hierarchical Bayesian estimates obtained using Differential‐Evolution Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (Turner, Sederberg, Brown, & Steyvers, 2013).

History

Publication title

Computational Models of Brain and Behavior

Editors

AA Moustafa

Pagination

467-480

ISBN

978-1-119-15906-3

Department/School

School of Psychological Sciences

Publisher

Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Place of publication

United States

Extent

39

Rights statement

Copyright 2018 John Wiley & Sons

Repository Status

  • Restricted

Socio-economic Objectives

Expanding knowledge in psychology

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