Aim: To investigate the relationship between executive functioning and social and perinatal risk factors in four- to five-year-old preterm children.

Methods: 141 children born preterm (< 33 weeks of gestation) and 77 term comparison children were assessed using standardized measures of general intelligence and performance-based executive function tests prior to starting kindergarten. Parental and teacher reports of executive functioning were completed when the children commenced kindergarten. The preterm and the term comparison groups were compared on measures of intelligence and executive functions using independent groups t-tests, and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify factors predictive of intelligence and executive functioning in the preterm group.

Results: The preterm group performed significantly more poorly than the comparison group on all intelligence and executive function tests. The parental reports of the preterm and term comparison children's executive function did not differ significantly, but the teachers reported elevated executive function difficulties for the preterm group. Higher social risk, in particular lower educational level of the main caregiver, was the strongest predictor for the preterm children's intelligence and executive function results.

Conclusion: Social risk factors are strongly associated with impaired early executive function outcomes in preterm children.