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Assessing the genetic predisposition of education on myopia: a Mendelian randomization study
Citation
Cuellar-Partida, G and Lu, Y and Kho, PF and Hewitt, AW and Wichmann, HE and Yazar, S and Stambolian, D and Bailey-Wilson, JE and Wojciechowski, R and Wang, JJ and Mitchell, P and Mackey, DA and MacGregor, S, Assessing the genetic predisposition of education on myopia: a Mendelian randomization study, Genetic Epidemiology, 40, (1) pp. 66-72. ISSN 0741-0395 (2015) [Refereed Article]
Copyright Statement
Copyright 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract
Myopia is the largest cause of uncorrected visual impairments globally and its recent dramatic increase in the population has made it a major public health problem. In observational studies, educational attainment has been consistently reported to be correlated to myopia. Nonetheless, correlation does not imply causation. Observational studies do not tell us if education causes myopia or if instead there are confounding factors underlying the association. In this work, we use a two-step least squares instrumental-variable (IV) approach to estimate the causal effect of education on refractive error, specifically myopia. We used the results from the educational attainment GWAS from the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium to define a polygenic risk score (PGRS) in three cohorts of late middle age and elderly Caucasian individuals (N = 5,649). In a meta-analysis of the three cohorts, using the PGRS as an IV, we estimated that each z-score increase in education (approximately 2 years of education) results in a reduction of 0.92 ± 0.29 diopters (P = 1.04 × 10−3). Our estimate of the effect of education on myopia was higher (P = 0.01) than the observed estimate (0.25 ± 0.03 diopters reduction per education z-score [∼2 years] increase). This suggests that observational studies may actually underestimate the true effect. Our Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis provides new evidence for a causal role of educational attainment on refractive error.
Item Details
| Item Type: | Refereed Article |
|---|---|
| Keywords: | Mendelian randomization, education, instrumental variable, myopia, polygenic risk scores, refractive error |
| Research Division: | Medical and Health Sciences |
| Research Group: | Ophthalmology and Optometry |
| Research Field: | Ophthalmology |
| Objective Division: | Health |
| Objective Group: | Clinical Health (Organs, Diseases and Abnormal Conditions) |
| Objective Field: | Hearing, Vision, Speech and Their Disorders |
| Author: | Hewitt, AW (Professor Alex Hewitt) |
| Author: | Mackey, DA (Professor David Mackey) |
| ID Code: | 104139 |
| Year Published: | 2015 |
| Web of Science® Times Cited: | 12 |
| Deposited By: | Menzies Institute for Medical Research |
| Deposited On: | 2015-11-03 |
| Last Modified: | 2017-11-04 |
| Downloads: | 0 |
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