This paper explores the power of both traditional culture and modernity, their interaction, and ecotourism as defined and developed in China, and suggests a new framework for ecotourism policies. It argues that issues in ecotourism should reflect scientific and empirical evidence, but also integrate traditional Chinese cultural beliefs, and political and social factors, to achieve sustainability. The protected area system, central to ecotourism in China, was introduced by government to bring modernity and globalization. The management model follows western values, tending to separate humans from nature for conservation purposes, using institutionalized western zoning systems. This approach is inconsistent with millennia-old Chinese cultural values about relationships between nature and humans, centred around tian ren he yi – humans and nature as a unified entity. Instead of managing conflicts, attaining harmony (in a subjective experiential way) is the fundamental Chinese approach. The paper explores conflicts between the two value systems, and how Confucian "middle ways" are being crafted to balance the fast-growing special needs of Chinese eco-tourists with the top-down regulation of protected areas. It notes new developments in protected area tourism management in the West, and opportunities to blend Chinese traditional values about harmony with evolving western practice.

Item Type:	Refereed Article
Keywords:	ecotourism, China, harmony, culture, nature reserve, government
Research Division:	Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services
Research Group:	Tourism
Research Field:	Tourism not elsewhere classified
Objective Division:	Commercial Services and Tourism
Objective Group:	Tourism
Objective Field:	Tourism not elsewhere classified
Author:	Li, FMS (Ms Sarah Li)
ID Code:	100420
Year Published:	2014
Web of Science® Times Cited:	16
Deposited By:	Research Division
Deposited On:	2015-05-15
Last Modified:	2015-06-17
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